Narrative Review on the Efficacy of Novel Commercial Devices for Home-Based Screening of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most prevalent chronic respiratory disease worldwide. According to some studies, it may affect up to 25% of the global population, with its presentation varying based on age group, sex, nutritional status, ethnicity and other factors. Despite its high prevalence and the significant impact it has on overall health, OSA remains largely underdiagnosed. By general consensus, polysomnography (PSG) is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis and staging of OSA. However, this method is costly, complex and not widely accessible.
In this context, new technologies integrating multimodal sensors capable of ambulatory monitoring circadian rhythm, physical activity and sleep structure, among other parameters, are emerging. Their use is increasingly widespread, promising to become innovative tools for large-scale OSA screening and other sleep disorders. Devices such as smartwatches, rings and smartphones have been extensively studied and have demonstrated acceptable capability when compared to PSG, with many achieving a sensitivity (Se) close to 90% and specificity (Sp) of 80%.
Despite the advancements implied by the development of these new health technologies, it is important to consider that the capability of these devices varies depending on the specific equipment and the populations studied. Much of this widely available emerging technology lacks external validation or requires further studies; therefore, it is crucial that its use is regulated by governmental institutions, healthcare services, or other independent organizations.
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