Nutrición en fibrosis pulmonar idiopática: el trabajo multidisciplinario como abordaje del futuro
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La Fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (FPI) es la neumonía intersticial más frecuente y es una entidad en la cual hemos visto significativos avances diagnósticos y terapéuticos en los últimos años. Sin embargo, poco se ha investigado hasta ahora sobre las alteraciones nutricionales asociadas a la enfermedad. La prevalencia de malnutrición asociada a FPI ha sido estimada en alrededor de 30%, pero puede llegar hasta un 60% en pacientes en espera de trasplante de pulmón. La malnutrición es un predictor de riesgo independiente de mortalidad en los pacientes con FPI, y muchas veces se manifiesta a través de la variación de peso y/o cambios en la composición corporal , lo que puede conducir a un deterioro de la masa muscular y/o ósea. El origen de la malnutrición en la FPI es multifactorial y no del todo conocido. Algunos pacientes con FPI avanzada, aún teniendo un peso corporal preservado, suelen tener una pérdida de la masa magra, lo cual se asocia a disfunción muscular y bajo rendimiento físico. La debilidad muscular resultante lleva a desacondicionamiento físico y mayor disnea, reducción de la tolerancia al ejercicio y deterioro de la calidad de vida. Es por ello que para mejorar el abordaje de la FPI, se deberá incorporar al nutricionista en el equipo multidisciplinario, con el objetivo de realizar un diagnóstico precoz del estado nutricional, lo que permitirá identificar alteraciones tempranas y realizar la intervención nutricional adecuada.
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