Análisis epidemiológico de las muertes infantiles por infecciones respiratorias y la influencia de los factores socioeconómicos
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Objetivo: Analizar el perfil epidemiológico de las muertes por infecciones respiratorias y detectar correlaciones con factores socioeconómicos en Brasil.
Métodos: Se trata de un estudio epidemiológico ecológico analítico de las muertes infantiles por infecciones respiratorias entre 2014 y 2023 en Brasil. Los datos se obtuvieron del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad. Se calcularon tasas de incidencia de muerte, regresiones logísticas multinomiales y correlaciones de Pearson y Spearman.
Resultados: Se detectó un total de 25.729 muertes, la mayoría causadas por neumonía no especificada. Se observó una mayor incidencia de muertes en lactantes, varones, grupos étnicos mixtos e hijos de madres con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 29 años, y con un nivel de educación primario. Se encontraron correlaciones entre las muertes por bronquiolitis aguda en Brasil y el índice de desarrollo humano (R = 0,916), el índice de Gini (R = 0,883) y los recursos humanos (R = 0,988) en el periodo prepandémico. Se observaron altas razones de probabilidad de muerte por influenza y neumonía en niños pretos (OR: 2,23) e indígenas (OR: 1,45) durante la pandemia de COVID-19, respectivamente.
Conclusiones: En Brasil, la mayoría de las muertes por infecciones respiratorias no se confirmaron mediante pruebas complementarias. Además, el predominio de muertes, especialmente en poblaciones pediátricas vulnerables, puede indicar que las muertes estuvieron influenciadas por factores socioeconómicos.
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